Word of the day
- drub December 5, 2024Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for December 5, 2024 is: drub • \DRUB\ • verb To drub an individual or team, as in a game or contest, is to defeat them decisively. // Morale after the game was low: the hometown team had been drubbed by the worst team in the league. See the entry […]Merriam-Webster
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On This Day
The Navigation Acts were a series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to England. They were first enacted in 1651 and throughout that time until 1663,[1] and were repealed in 1849. They reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire and to minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners. They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. The original ordinance of 1651 was renewed at the Restoration by Acts 1660, 1663, 1670, and 1673, with subsequent minor amendments. The Acts formed the basis for English overseas trade for nearly 200 years. Additionally, the Acts restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships.
The major impetuses for the Navigation Acts were the ruinous deterioration of English trade in the aftermath of the Eighty Years’ War, and the concomitant lifting of the Spanish embargoes on trade between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic. The end of the embargoes in 1647 unleashed the full power of the Amsterdam Entrepôt and other Dutch competitive advantages in world trade. Within a few years, English merchants had practically been overwhelmed in the trade in the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean and the Levant. Even the trade with English colonies (partly still in the hands of the royalists, as the English Civil War was in its final stages and the Commonwealth of England had not yet imposed its authority throughout the English colonies) was “engrossed” by Dutch merchants. English direct trade was crowded out by a sudden influx of commodities from the Levant, Mediterranean and the Spanish and Portuguese empires, and the West Indies via the Dutch Entrepôt, carried in Dutch ships and for Dutch account.[2]
The obvious solution seemed to be to seal off the English and Scottish markets to these unwanted imports. A precedent was the Act the Greenland Company had obtained from Parliament in 1645 prohibiting the import of whale products into England, except in ships owned by that company. This principle was now generalized. In 1648 the Levant Company petitioned Parliament for the prohibition of imports of Turkish goods “…from Holland and other places but directly from the places of their growth.”[3] Baltic traders added their voices to this chorus. In 1650 the Standing Council for Trade and the Council of State of the Commonwealth prepared a general policy designed to impede the flow of Mediterranean and colonial commodities via Holland and Zeeland into England.[4]
On the whole, the Acts of Trade and Navigation were obeyed, except for the Molasses Act 1733, which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s. Stricter enforcement under the Sugar Act 1764 became one source of resentment of Great Britain by merchants in the American colonies. This, in turn, helped push the colonies to start the American Revolution in the late 18th century, even though the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the “costs imposed on [American] colonists by the trade restrictions of the Navigation Acts were small.”[5]
Born On This Day
1907 – Irene Fischer, Austrian-American geodesist and mathematician (d. 2009)
Irene Kaminka Fischer (born July 27, 1907 in Vienna, died October 22, 2009 in Boston) was a mathematician, geodesist, National Academy of Engineering Member; Fellow International Geophysical Union, Inductee of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Hall of Fame. Fischer became one of two internationally known women scientists in the field of geodesy during the golden age of the Mercury and Apollo moon missions. Her Mercury Datum, or Fischer Ellipsoid 1960 and 1968, as well as her work on the lunar parallax, were instrumental in conducting these missions. “In his preface to the ACSM publication, Fischer’s former colleague, Bernard Chovitz, referred to her as one of the most renowned geodesists of the third quarter of the twentieth century. Yet this fact alone makes her one of the most renowned geodesists of all times, because, according to Chovitz, the third quarter of the twentieth century witnessed “the transition of geodesy from a regional to a global enterprise.”[2]
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Ideas
https://youtu.be/1Uz75R4xf3w
By Hometalk Highlights: Nail Blonde Boards Together for These Incredible Ideas Grab some blonde boards, and let’s get started!
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wikimedia
- Wikimedia Commons picture of the day for December 5 December 5, 2024Picture of the day Trier, Alter Krahn on the Mosel.
- Wikimedia Commons picture of the day for December 4 December 4, 2024Picture of the day Early 12th-century Romanesque apsis of Notre-Dame-et-Sainte-Barbe de Savigny, Manche, France, with 14th-century murals presenting scenes from the martyrdom of St. Barbara. Her feast day is today on 4 December.
Recipes
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