https://foodimentary.com/2014/03/08/march-8-national-peanut-cluster-day/
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On this day:
1658 – Treaty of Roskilde: After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars (1655–1661), Frederick III, the King of Denmark–Norway is forced to give up nearly half his territory to Sweden to save the rest.
The Treaty of Roskilde[1] was concluded on 26 February (OS) or 8 March 1658 (NS)[2] during the Second Northern War between Frederick III of Denmark–Norway and Charles X Gustav of Sweden in the Danish city of Roskilde. After a devastating defeat, Denmark-Norway was forced to give up a third of its territory to save the rest, the ceded lands comprising Blekinge, Bornholm, Bohuslän (Båhuslen), Scania (Skåne) and Trøndelag, as well as her claims to Halland.[2]
After the treaty entered into force, Swedish forces continued to campaign in the remainder of Denmark-Norway, but had to withdraw from the Danish isles and Trøndelag in face of a Danish-Norwegian-Dutch alliance. The Treaty of Copenhagen restored Bornholm to Denmark and Trøndelag to Norway in 1660, while the other provinces transferred in Roskilde remain Swedish.
Background
As the Northern Wars progressed, Charles X Gustav of Sweden crossed the frozen straits from Jutland and occupied the Danish island of Zealand, with the invasion beginning on 11 February 1658. A preliminary treaty, the Treaty of Taastrup, was signed on 18 February 1658 with the final treaty, the Treaty of Roskilde, signed on 26 February 1658.
Although Sweden also invaded Romsdal in Western Norway, the local farmers defied the Swedish taxes and military conscription vigorously, and the Swedish governor was forced to send a full company of soldiers, and 50 cavalry besides, to collect taxes. The occupation was not successful.[3]
Provisions
The treaty’s conditions included:[4][5][6]
The immediate cession of the Danish province Scania (Skåne) to Sweden.
The immediate cession of the Danish province Blekinge to Sweden.
The immediate cession of the Danish province Halland, which under the terms of the Peace of Brömsebro, negotiated in 1645 was then occupied by Sweden for a term of 30 years, to Sweden.
The immediate cession of the Danish province of Bornholm to Sweden.
The immediate cession of the Norwegian province of Bohuslän (Båhuslen) to Sweden. This effectively secured for Sweden unrestricted access to western trade.
The immediate cession of the Norwegian province of Trøndelag, then including Nordmøre and Romsdal, to Sweden.
Danish renunciation of all anti-Swedish alliances.
Danish prevention of any warships hostile to Sweden passing through the straits into the Baltic.
Restoration of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp to his estates.[7]
Danish payment for Swedish occupation forces costs.
Danish provision of troops to serve Charles in his broader wars.[8]
Aftermath
Copenhagen
Further information: Battle of the Sound
The Swedish king was not content with his stunning victory, and at the Swedish Council held at Gottorp on 7 July, Charles X Gustav resolved to wipe his inconvenient rival from the map of Europe. Without any warning, in defiance of international treaty, he ordered his troops to attack Denmark-Norway a second time. There followed an attack on the capital Copenhagen, whose residents successfully defended themselves with help from the Dutch, who honored their 1649 treaty to defend Denmark against unprovoked invasion by sending an expeditionary fleet and army, defeating the Swedish fleet in the Battle of the Sound and relieving the capital. His army partly trapped at Landskrona and partly isolated on the Danish islands by superior Danish and Dutch forces under Vice-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter, Charles was forced to withdraw in 1659.[8]
Bornholm and Trøndelag
Further information: Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)
Meanwhile, Norwegian forces succeeded in expelling the Swedish occupiers from Trøndelag. Eventually, the resulting Treaty of Copenhagen in 1660 restored Trøndelag to Norway, and also the island of Bornholm to Denmark.
The relinquishment of Trøndelag by the Treaty of Copenhagen reflects strong local resistance to the Swedish occupation. Although the Swedish invasion had been welcomed, or at least not resisted, the Swedes issued conscription orders in Trøndelag and forced 2000 men and young boys down to 15 years of age to join the Swedish armies fighting in Poland and Brandenburg. King Karl X Gustav was afraid that the Trønders would rise against their Swedish occupiers, and thought it wise to keep a large part of the men away. Only about one third of the men ever returned to their homes. Some of them were forced to settle in the Swedish province of Estonia, as the Swedes thought it would be easier to rule the Trønders there. Many of Trøndelag’s men were already in the Dano-Norwegian army and navy, so the Swedish-forced conscription nearly emptied Trøndelag of males. The result was devastating, as the farms were left without enough hands to harvest the fields, and famine struck the region. Some local historians of Trøndelag have termed this the genocide of the Trønders.[9]
The few months of experience with Swedish taxation and conscription left such bitter sentiments that it served to strengthen Dano-Norwegian unity and patriotism, making resistance to Swedish invasions of Denmark-Norway stronger over the next 80 years.[3]
Scania
According to the ninth article of the Treaty of Roskilde, which ceded Scania (Skåne), the inhabitants of the Scanian lands were assured of their privileges, old laws and customs. However the territories were gradually integrated in the Swedish realm.[10] The nobility was soon amalgamated with the Swedish nobility and introduced into the Swedish House of Lords with the same rights and privileges as the original Swedish noble families. The provincial Scanian Law was replaced by the national Swedish law in 1683. In the same year the national Danish law came into force in Denmark,[11] also replacing provincial laws there. The Swedish Church Ordinance[12] was introduced in 1686.
Born on this day:
1896 – Charlotte Whitton, Canadian journalist and politician, 46th Mayor of Ottawa (d. 1975)
Charlotte Elizabeth Whitton OC CBE (March 8, 1896 – January 25, 1975) was a Canadian feminist and mayor of Ottawa. She was the first woman mayor of a major city in Canada, serving from 1951 to 1956 and again from 1960 to 1964.
Career and accomplishments
Whitton attended Queen’s University, where she was the star of the women’s hockey team and was known as the fastest skater in the league.[citation needed] At Queen’s, she also served as editor of the Queen’s Journal newspaper in 1917; and was the newspaper’s first female editor. From Queen’s she became the founding director of the Canadian Council on Child Welfare from 1920 to 1941 (which became the Canadian Welfare Council, now the Canadian Council on Social Development) and helped bring about a wide array of new legislation to help children.
Despite her strong views on women’s equality, Whitton was a strong social conservative and did not support making divorce easier.
Whitton was elected to Ottawa’s Board of Control in 1951. Upon the unexpected death of mayor Grenville Goodwin that August, Whitton was immediately appointed acting mayor and on 30 September 1951 was confirmed by city council to remain mayor until the end of the normal three-year term. Whitton is sometimes mistakenly credited as the first woman ever to serve as a mayor in Canada,[2] but this distinction is in fact held by Barbara Hanley, who became mayor of the small Northern Ontario town of Webbwood in 1936.[3]
Whitton was a staunch defender of Canada’s traditions, and condemned Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson’s proposal in 1964 for new national flag to replace the traditional Canadian Red Ensign. Whitton dismissed Pearson’s design as a ‘white badge of surrender, waving three dying maple leaves’ which might as well be ‘three white feathers on a red background,’ a symbol of cowardice. ‘It is a poor observance of our first century as a nation if we run up a flag of surrender with three dying maple leaves on it,’ she said.[4] For Whitton, the Red Ensign, with its Union Jack and coat of arms containing symbols of England, Scotland, Ireland and France (or a similar flag with traditional symbols on it) would be a stronger embodiment of the Canadian achievement in peace and war.
She became well known for her assertiveness and for her vicious wit with which many male colleagues, and once the Lord Mayor of London, were attacked. She is noted for the quotation: “Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult.”
In 1955 she appeared on the American game show and television series What’s My Line.[5]
In 1967 she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
Accusations of racism
Whitton had many remarkable achievements but her story is framed by current controversy over some of her actions.
She has been accused in print of espousing, “a ‘scientific’ racism that viewed groups such as Jews and Armenians as ‘undesirable’ immigrants.” (Open Your Hearts: The Story of the Jewish War Orphans in Canada by Fraidie Martz)[6]
In 1938, she attended a conference in Ottawa to launch the Canadian National Committee on Refugees (CNCR). She showed opposition to some of the other attendees’ arguments. A common belief is that she was directly opposed to Jews and in particular Jewish children. Oscar Cohen of the Canadian Jewish Congress is reported to have said she “almost broke up the inaugural meeting of the congress on refugees by her insistent opposition and very apparent anti-Semitism.”[7] This sentiment is countered by the official record which includes notes from her presentation, including ” … lobby the government to initiate a long-term refugee program …” and an interest in protecting all at risk, “particularly Hebrews in the Reich and in Italy.”[8]
According to the Canadian Jewish Congress: “Certainly in the course of the Second World War and the Holocaust, she was instrumental in keeping Jewish orphans out of Canada because of her belief that Jews would not make good immigrants and were basically inferior.”[9]
As Mayor in 1964, she declined Bertram Loeb’s $500,000 donation to the City’s Ottawa Civic Hospital. The official rationale was that the city could not afford to keep the centre operating.[8] The sentiment exists that she “simply didn’t want the name of a Jewish family on an Ottawa hospital building.”.[7]
According to Patricia Rooke[who?], Whitton was a “complete anglophile” who opposed all non-British immigration to Canada. “Charlotte Whitton was a racist,” according to Rooke. “Her anti-Semitism, I think, was the least of it. She was quite racist about the Ukrainians, for example. She really didn’t like the changing character of Canadian society.”[9]
In opposition to the anti-Semite argument, Whitton was well received by various Jewish organizations in her lifetime including B’nai B’rith and various Jewish-centred publications.[8] She was also a supporter of — and the first to sign the nomination papers of — the first Jewish Mayor of Ottawa, Lorry Greenberg.[8]
In 2011 Whitton’s name was kept off of a new Archives Building in Ottawa due to this controversy.[10]
Personal life
Whitton never married, but lived for years with her partner, Margaret Grier. Her relationship with Grier was not widespread public knowledge until 1999, 24 years after Whitton’s death, when the National Archives of Canada publicly released the last of her personal papers, including many intimate personal letters between Whitton and Grier. The release of these papers sparked much debate in the Canadian media about whether Whitton and Grier’s relationship could be characterized as lesbian, or merely as an emotionally intimate friendship between two unmarried women.[11]
Legacy
The Ontario Heritage Trust erected a plaque for Charlotte Elizabeth Whitton, O.C., C.B.E. 1896-1975 in the council chambers, city hall, 111 Sussex Drive, Ottawa. “A controversial fighter for social reform, Charlotte Whitton served on the Canadian Council on Child Welfare (later the Canadian Welfare Council) and on the League of Nations Social Questions Committee. In 1951, she was elected mayor of Ottawa.” [12]
1947 – Michael S. Hart, American author, founded Project Gutenberg (d. 2011)
Michael Stern Hart (March 8, 1947 – September 6, 2011)[1] was an American author, best known as the inventor of the e-book and the founder of Project Gutenberg (PG), the first project to make e-books freely available via the Internet.[1][2][3][4] He published e-books years before the Internet existed via the ARPANET,[5][6] and later on BBS networks[7] and Gopher servers.[8]
Hart devoted his life after founding PG in 1971 to digitizing and distributing literature from works in the public domain with free and expired copyrights. The first e-books[5][9] were typed in plain text format[6][7] and published as text files; other formats were made available later. Hart typed most of the early e-books himself; later, volunteers expanded the project.[5][10][11]
Early life
Michael Hart was born on March 8, 1947, in Tacoma, Washington. His father was an accountant and his mother, a former cryptanalyst during World War II, was a business manager at a retail store. In 1958 his family relocated to Urbana, Illinois, and his father and mother became college professors in Shakespearean studies and mathematics education, respectively. Hart attended the University of Illinois, graduating in just two years with a degree in Human-Machine Interfaces.[12] He then attended but did not complete graduate school. He was also, briefly, a street musician.[13]
Project Gutenberg
Main article: Project Gutenberg
During Hart’s time at the University of Illinois, the computer center gave Hart a user’s account on its computer system; Hart’s brother’s best friend was the mainframe operator and gave an account with a virtually unlimited amount of computer time; its value at that time has since been variously estimated at $100,000 or $100,000,000.[7] Although the focus of computer use there tended to be data processing, Hart was aware that it was connected to a network (part of what would become the Internet) and chose to use his computer time for information distribution. Hart related that after his account was created on July 4, 1971, he wanted to “give back” by doing something that could be considered to be of great value and had had a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, which he had been given at a grocery store after watching fireworks that evening. He typed the text into the computer but was told that it would be unacceptable to transmit it to numerous people at once via e-mail.[7] Thus, to avoid crashing the e-mail system, he made the e-text available for people to download.
This was the beginning of Project Gutenberg as the first digital library. Hart began posting text copies of such classics as the Bible and the works of Homer, Shakespeare, and Mark Twain. As of 1987 he had typed in a total of 313 books in this fashion. Then, through being involved in the University of Illinois PC User Group and with assistance from Mark Zinzow,[5][10] a programmer at the school, Hart was able to recruit volunteers and set up an infrastructure of mirror sites and mailing lists for the project. With this the project was able to grow much more rapidly.
The mission statements for the project were:
“Encourage the Creation and Distribution of eBooks”
“Help Break Down the Bars of Ignorance and Illiteracy”
“Give As Many eBooks to As Many People As Possible”[7]
His overall outlook in the project was to develop in the least demanding format possible: as worded in The Chronicle of Higher Education, to him, open access meant “open access without proprietary displays, without the need for special software, without the requirement for anything but the simplest of connections.”[8] His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge, and to do so by the end of the 20th century.[14]
Other activities
Hart was an author and his works are available free of charge on the Project Gutenberg server. He was also a member of the RepRap Project, which aims at creating a self-replicating machine.[6]
Hart was involved in an early effort in 1993 to develop a free and openly accessible “Internet Encyclopedia”, called “Interpedia”, however the effort did not go beyond the planning stage.[15]
Personal life
Hart cobbled together a living with the money he earned as an adjunct professor and with grants and donations to Project Gutenberg.[16] He supported himself by doing odd jobs and used an unpaid appointment at Illinois Benedictine College to solicit donations for the project. “I know that sounds odd to most people, but I just never bought into the money system all that much. I never spent it when I got it. It’s all a matter of perspective”.[17] Hart’s expenses were minimized by his habits of using home remedies, fixing his own house and car, and building computers, stereos, and other gear from discarded components.[1]
Hart died on September 6, 2011 of a heart attack at his home in Urbana, Illinois. He was 64.[3][16]
Writing style
Michael Hart’s email messages and blog posts had equal line length paragraphs in monospaced font: he chose the wording in such a way that each line had the same number of characters.[10][18][19][20]
Sample writing from his last newsletter that was distributed in July 2011:[21]
As many of you know, just 5 years ago or so Australia’s
Parliament voted a resolution to resist those copyright
extensions that had recently taken place in the US, EU,
and other locations, but only a few years later tumbled
into line after a few rounds of economic warfare levied
upon them by The Mouse or other long copyright holders.
Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to “encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks”.[3] It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library.[4] Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection.[5]
The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, and Plucker. Most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional and language-specific works. Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts.
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Digital nomad
Digital nomads are people who use telecommunications technologies to earn a living and, more generally, conduct their life in a nomadic manner.[1] Such workers typically work remotely—generally from foreign countries, coffee shops, public libraries, co-working spaces and even recreational vehicles—to accomplish tasks and goals that traditionally took place in a single, stationary workplace.
By Daniel TerdimanEver Want Image Search For Google Earth?
GeoVisual Search from Descartes Labs allows users to find matches around the world to any feature in a satellite image.
Descartes Labs: GeoVisual Search
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