On This Day
1900 – American statesman and diplomat John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.[11]
The Open Door Policy (Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of China. The policy was enunciated in US Secretary of State John Hay’s Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and circulated to the major European powers.[1] In order to prevent them from “carving of China like a melon,” as they were doing in Africa , the Note asked the powers to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis and called upon all powers, within their spheres of influence to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. The policy was accepted only grudgingly, if at all, by the major powers, and it had no legal standing or enforcement mechanism. In July 1900, as the powers contemplated intervention to put down the violently anti-foreign Boxer uprising, Hay circulated a Second Open Door Note affirming the principles. Over the next decades, American policy-makers and national figures continued to refer to the Open Door Policy as a basic doctrine, and Chinese diplomats appealed to it as they sought American support, but critics pointed out that the policy had little practical effect.
The term “Open Door” also describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. The policy set into motion the economic transformation of China.[2] In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholars such as Christopher Layne in the neorealist school have generalized the use of the term to applications in ‘political’ open door policies and ‘economic’ open door policies of nations in general, which interact on a global or international basis.[3]
Born On This Day
1822 – Rudolf Clausius, Polish-German physicist and mathematician (d. 1888)[45]
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈklaʊ̯zi̯ʊs];[1][2] 2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics.[3] By his restatement of Sadi Carnot’s principle known as the Carnot cycle, he gave the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, “On the Moving Force of Heat”,[4] published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat.[5]
The landmark 1865 paper in which he introduced the concept of entropy ends with the following summary of the first and second laws of thermodynamics:[4]
The energy of the universe is constant.
The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.
FYI
What a tremendous loss to the world!
Andrew Henry Vachss (/væksi/ VAX;[1] October 19, 1942 – December 27, 2021) was an American crime fiction author, child protection consultant, and attorney exclusively representing children and youths.[2]
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RecipeTinEats
- 2024 Ultimate Christmas menu planning guide December 12, 2024Here’s a handy list of my Christmas recipes, organised by make-ahead and reheating suitability, and those best made fresh. Perfect for menu planning, especially alongside the new Christmas recipe index! I thrive on holiday menu planning. It’s like the Olympics of cooking – except less athleticism and more butter! The goal, as always, is a... […]Nagi
- Easy Christmas Cheesecake Slab – no bake! December 6, 2024This no bake Christmas cheesecake is designed for sizzling Aussie summers – no sweating over a hot oven! Designed to serve a crowd, it’s the easiest cheesecake recipe I know yet it still captures all the hallmarks of a beautiful classic baked cheesecake. Decorate with whipped cream, berries and rosemary sprigs for an effortless, pretty... […]Nagi
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- Wikimedia Commons picture of the day for December 29 December 29, 2024Picture of the day Interior of the Canterbury Cathedral. Thomas Becket was martyred at the altar on this date in 1170. Today is Thomas Becket's feast day.
- Wikimedia Commons picture of the day for December 28 December 28, 2024Picture of the day Satellite picture of the Etna volcano erupting in eastern Sicily (Italy) in December 2018.
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