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On This Day
1564 – The Council of Trent establishes an official distinction between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent, or Trento, in northern Italy. It was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.[1] Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.[2][3]
The Council issued condemnations of what it defined to be heresies committed by Protestantism and key statements and clarifications of the Church’s doctrine and teachings, including scripture, the Biblical canon, sacred tradition, original sin, justification, salvation, the sacraments, the Mass and the veneration of saints.[4] The Council met for twenty-five sessions between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563.[5] Pope Paul III, who convoked the Council, presided over the first eight sessions (1545–47), while the twelfth to sixteenth sessions (1551–52) were overseen by Pope Julius III and the seventeenth to twenty-fifth sessions (1562–63) by Pope Pius IV.
The consequences of the Council were also significant as regards the Church’s liturgy and practices. During its deliberations, the Council made the Vulgate the official example of the Biblical canon and commissioned the creation of a standard version, although this was not achieved until the 1590s.[2] In 1565, a year after the Council finished its work, Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed (after Tridentum, Trent’s Latin name) and his successor Pius V then issued the Roman Catechism and revisions of the Breviary and Missal in, respectively, 1566, 1568 and 1570. These, in turn, led to the codification of the Tridentine Mass, which remained the Church’s primary form of the Mass for the next four hundred years.
More than three hundred years passed until the next ecumenical council, the First Vatican Council, was convened in 1869.
Born On This Day
1892 – Bessie Coleman, American pilot (d. 1926)
Bessie Coleman (January 26, 1892 – April 30, 1926) was an American civil aviator. She was the first woman of African-American descent, and the first of Native American descent, to hold a pilot license.[2][3][4] She achieved her international pilot license in 1921.[3][4][5] Born to a family of sharecroppers in Texas, she went into the cotton fields at a young age but also studied in a small segregated school and went on to attend one term of college at Langston University. She developed an early interest in flying, but African Americans, Native Americans, and women had no flight-school opportunities in the United States, so she saved up money to go to France to become a licensed pilot. She soon became a successful air show pilot in the United States, and hoped to start a school for African-American fliers. She died in a plane crash in 1926 while testing her new aircraft. Her pioneering role was an inspiration to early pilots and to the African-American and Native American communities.
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FYI
State of the Union 2018, live on YouTube
Head to YouTube on Tuesday, January 30, at 6 p.m. PT / 9 p.m. ET to watch the action live.
By Al Cross: Wisconsin newspapers OK with bill to allow public notices in free papers because some areas no longer have a paper
By Elizabeth Weise and Charisse Jones: Walmart, Apple and Google go up against Amazon in a fight for readers (and listeners)
By Josh Jones: MIT’s New Master’s Program Admits Students Without College and High School Degrees … and Helps Solve the World’s Most Pressing Problems
Enrollment in the online MicroMasters courses began in February of last year (the next round starts on February 6, 2018), and the DEDP master’s program will start in 2019. “The world of development policy has become more and more evidence-based over the past 10-15 years,” explains MIT professor of economics Ben Olken, who co-created the program with economics professors Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee. “Development practitioners need to understand not just development issues, but how to analyze them rigorously using data. This program is designed to help fill that gap.”
By Dan Colman: How to Spot a Communist Using Literary Criticism: A 1955 Manual from the U.S. Military
Rather chillingly, the pamphlet also warned that Communists revealed themselves if and when they talked about “McCarthyism,” “violation of civil rights,” “racial or religious discrimination” or “peace.” In other words, they were guilty if they suggested that the government was overstepping its bounds.
According to Corliss Lamont’s book, Freedom Is As Freedom Does, the First Army withdrew the pamphlet after Murray Kempton slammed it in The New York Post and The New York Times wrote its own scathing op-ed. In 1955, the press could take those risks. The year before, Joseph Welch had faced up to Joe McCarthy, asking with his immortal words, “Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency? A question someone will eventually dare to ask again.
By Scott Myers: Andrew Stanton TED Talk: “Clues to a Great Story”
By David Jesse, Detroit Free Press: Lou Anna Simon’s resignation from MSU comes with lifetime of perks
The contract also spells out a number of lifetime perks Simon and her husband will receive.
Parking passes for on-campus parking
Two free tickets to home football games for the Spartan Club suites
Two free tickets to women’s basketball games
The option to buy up to four men’s basketball tickets in the same location she currently has seats
Reduced-price tickets for bowl games and post-season play for football, men’s and women’s basketball and ice hockey
Parking pass for all home sporting and cultural events
“Other than the granting of emeritus status, we rarely see such benefits in any contracts,” Finkelstein said. “What is extremely unusual about these benefits is that so many of these are related to sporting events.
By Stan Schroeder: Apple will launch a redesigned iBooks app soon, report claims
By Matt Enis: Digital Science Launches Dimensions Platform with Free Discovery for OA, Citations
“Today, citation data is extremely expensive…. Our goal is to make that level of information, or better, available at no cost,” Stephen Leicht, co-founder of ÜberResearch and COO of Digital Science, Discovery and Analytics Group, told LJ. “Researchers don’t have to log in, they don’t have to have a .edu [email] address,” although users do have the option to create a free account in order to save searches and perform other basic research management functions, Leicht said.
By Matt Enis: Sterling Heights Incorporates Brain Training Software into Program for Seniors
Turgeon’s description of mental fitness exercise as an emerging trend may prove to be accurate, particularly as evidence of its effectiveness continues to emerge. Last week, Demco announced a partnership with the U.S. Department of Defense through the libraries of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines to offer BrainHQ to active, reserve, and retired members of the armed services, as well as their families. In a prepared statement, Kristen Campbell, chief of the Air Force Libraries Division, said that the software was chosen “to help service members hone qualities such as lifelong learning, readiness, and resilience. This unique program will help our personnel improve their attention spans, decision making skills, and cognitive speed.”
By Alanis King: Owner Has To Explain That His Cats Love Riding On The Hood Of His Car After Someone Calls The Cops
By Raphael Orlove: Watch The World’s Best Drivers Struggle To Stay On The Road At Rallye Monte Carlo
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Recipes
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