Word of the day
- chastise November 25, 2024Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for November 25, 2024 is: chastise • \chass-TYZE\ • verb To chastise someone is to criticize them harshly for doing something wrong. // The waiter was chastised for forgetting the customer’s order. See the entry > Examples: “… what I’m saying is that we must acknowledge that hypocrisy exists all […]Merriam-Webster
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On This Day
1898 – The death of crime boss Soapy Smith, killed in the Shootout on Juneau Wharf, releases Skagway, Alaska from his iron grip.
Jefferson Randolph “Soapy” Smith II (November 2, 1860 – July 8, 1898) was a con artist and gangster in the Old West. His most famous scam, the prize package soap sell racket, earned him the sobriquet of “Soapy”, which remained with him to his death.
Although he traveled and operated his confidence swindles all across the western United States, he is most famous for having a major hand in the organized criminal operations of Denver and Creede, Colorado, and Skagway, Alaska, from 1879 to 1898. In Denver, he ran several saloons, gambling halls, cigar stores, and auction houses that specialized in cheating their clientele. In Denver, Smith began to make a name for himself across the country as an infamous criminal. Denver is also where Smith entered into the arena of political fixing, where, for favors, he would sway the outcome of city, county, and state elections.
He used the same methods of operation when he settled in the towns of Creede and Skagway, opening businesses with the primary goal of gently robbing his customers, while making a name for himself. He was killed in the shootout on Juneau Wharf in Skagway.
Born On This Day
1895 – Igor Tamm, Russian physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (Russian: И́горь Евге́ньевич Тамм, IPA: [ˈiɡərʲ jɪvˈɡʲenʲjɪvitɕ ˈtam] (About this sound listen); 8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation.
Biography
According to Russian sources, Tamm had German noble descent on his father’s side. His grandfather Theodor Tamm emigrated from Thuringia [1] (other sources wrongly describe him as Jewish[2]). He studied at a gymnasium in Elisavetgrad (now Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine). In 1913–1914 he studied at the University of Edinburgh together with his school-friend Boris Hessen.
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 he joined the army as a volunteer field medic. In 1917 he joined the Revolutionary movement and became an active anti-War campaigner, serving on revolutionary committees after the March Revolution.[3] He returned to the Moscow State University from which he graduated in 1918.
Tamm married Nataliya Shuyskaya (1894-1980) in September 1917. They eventually had two children, Irina (1921–2009, chemist) and Evgeny (1926–2008, experimental physicist and famous mountain climber, leader of the Soviet Everest expedition in 1982[4]).
On 1 May 1923, Tamm began teaching physics at the Second Moscow State University. The same year, he finished his first scientific paper, Electrodynamics of the Anisotropic Medium in the Special Theory of Relativity.[5] In 1928, he spent a few months with Paul Ehrenfest at the University of Leiden. From 1934 until his death in 1971 Tamm was the head of the theoretical department at Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow.
In 1932, Tamm published a paper with his proposal of the concept of surface states. This concept is important for MOSFET physics.
In 1934, Tamm and Semen Altshuller suggested that the neutron has a non-zero magnetic moment,[6][7] the idea was met with scepticism at that time, as the neutron was supposed to be an elementary particle with zero charge, and thus could not have a magnetic moment. The same year, Tamm coined an idea that proton-neutron interactions can be described as an exchange force transmitted by a yet unknown massive particle,[8][9] this idea was later developed by Hideki Yukawa into a theory of meson forces.
In 1945 he developed an approximation method for many-body physics. As Sidney Dancoff developed it independently in 1950, it is now called the Tamm-Dancoff approximation.
He was the Nobel Laureate in Physics for the year 1958 together with Pavel Cherenkov and Ilya Frank for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect.
In late 1940s-early 1950s Tamm was involved in the Soviet thermonuclear bomb project, in 1949–1953 he spent most of his time in the “secret city” of Sarov, working as a head of the theoretical group developing the hydrogen bomb,[10] however he retired from the project and returned to the Moscow Lebedev Physical Institute after the first successful test of a hydrogen bomb in 1953.
In 1951, together with Andrei Sakharov, Tamm proposed a tokamak system for the realization of CTF on the basis of toroidal magnetic thermonuclear reactor and soon after the first such devices were built by the INF. Results from the T-3 Soviet magnetic confinement device in 1968, when the plasma parameters unique for that time were obtained, showed temperatures in their machine to be over an order of magnitude higher than what was expected by the rest of the community. The western scientists visited the experiment and verified the high temperatures and confinement, sparking a wave of optimism for the prospects of the tokamak as well as construction of new experiments, which is still the dominant magnetic confinement device today.
In 1964 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.[11]
Tamm was a student of Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam in science and life.
On Tamm’s religious views, he was an atheist.[12][13]
Tamm died in Moscow, Soviet Union, now Russia. The Lunar crater Tamm is named after him.
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wikimedia
- Wikimedia Commons picture of the day for November 25 November 25, 2024Picture of the day Papaya fruits in a grocery store. Colatina, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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