1202 – Fourth Crusade: Despite letters from Pope Innocent III forbidding it and threatening excommunication, Catholic crusaders begin a siege of Zara (now Zadar, Croatia).
The Fourth Crusade (1202–04) was a Western European armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III, originally intended to reconquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, a sequence of events culminated in the Crusaders sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire.
In January 1203, en route to Jerusalem, the majority of the crusader leadership entered into an agreement with the Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos to divert to Constantinople and restore his deposed father as emperor. The intention of the crusaders was then to continue to the Holy Land with promised Byzantine financial and military assistance. On 23 June 1203 the main crusader fleet reached Constantinople. Smaller contingents continued to Acre.
In August 1203, following clashes outside Constantinople, Alexios Angelos was crowned co-Emperor (as Alexios IV Angelos) with crusader support. However, in January 1204, he was deposed by a popular uprising in Constantinople. The Western crusaders were no longer able to receive their promised payments, and when Alexios was murdered on 8 February 1204, the crusaders and Venetians decided on the outright conquest of Constantinople. In April 1204, they captured and brutally sacked the city, and set up a new Latin Empire as well as partitioning other Byzantine territories among themselves.
Byzantine resistance based in unconquered sections of the empire such as Nicaea, Trebizond, and Epirus ultimately recovered Constantinople in 1261. The Fourth Crusade is considered to be one of the more prominent acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church, and a key turning point in the decline of the Byzantine Empire and Christianity in the Near East.
1874 – Idabelle Smith Firestone, American composer and songwriter (d. 1954)
Idabelle Smith Firestone (November 10, 1874 – July 7, 1954) was an American composer and songwriter.[1]
Biography
She was born in Minnesota City, Minnesota on November 10, 1874.[2][3] She was educated at Alma College, Ontario. Her father, George, held the patent to a flour milling process.
On 20 November 1895, she married Harvey Samuel Firestone, who had begun the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company five years earlier.[4] She was the mother of Harvey S. Firestone, Jr., and Leonard Firestone, the grandmother of Brooks Firestone, and the great-grandmother of William Clay Ford, Jr., Andrew Firestone, and Nick Firestone.
She joined the ASCAP in 1948. Her compositions include “If I Could Tell You” (the theme of “Voice of Firestone” programs), “In My Garden”, “You Are the Song in My Heart”, “Do You Recall?”, “Melody of Love” and “Bluebirds”.[5]
She died on July 7, 1954.[1]
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