FYI November 21 & 22, 2020

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On This Day

1905 – Albert Einstein’s paper that leads to the mass–energy equivalence formula, E = mc², is published in the journal Annalen der Physik.
In physics, mass–energy equivalence defines the relationship between mass and energy in a system’s rest frame, where the two values differ only by a constant and the units of measurement.[1][2] The principle is described by Albert Einstein’s famous formula:[3]
Mass–energy relation

E = m c 2 {\displaystyle E=m\,c^{2}}
{\displaystyle E=m\,c^{2}}

The formula defines the energy E of a particle in its rest frame as the product of mass m with the speed of light squared (c2). Equivalently, the mass of a particle at rest is equal to its energy E divided by the speed of light squared (c2). Because the speed of light is a large number in everyday units (approximately 3×108 meters per second), the formula implies that a small amount of rest mass corresponds to an enormous amount of energy, which is independent of the composition of the matter. Rest mass, also called invariant mass, is the mass that is measured when the system is at rest. The rest mass is a fundamental physical property that remains independent of momentum, even at extreme speeds approaching the speed of light (i.e., its value is the same in all inertial frames of reference). Massless particles such as photons have zero invariant mass, but massless free particles have both momentum and energy. The equivalence principle implies that when energy is lost in chemical reactions, nuclear reactions, and other energy transformations, the system will also lose a corresponding amount of mass. The energy, and mass, can be released to the environment as radiant energy, such as light, or as thermal energy. The principle is fundamental to many fields of physics, including nuclear and particle physics.

Mass–energy equivalence arose originally from special relativity as a paradox described by Henri Poincaré.[4] Einstein was the first to propose that the equivalence of mass and energy is a general principle and a consequence of the symmetries of space and time. The principle first appeared in the paper “Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content?”, one of his Annus Mirabilis (Miraculous Year) papers, published on 21 November 1905.[5] The formula and its relationship to momentum, as described by the energy–momentum relation were subsequently developed in a series of advances over the next several years.

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1307 – Pope Clement V issues the papal bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae which instructed all Christian monarchs in Europe to arrest all Templars and seize their assets.[3]

Pastoralis praeeminentiae was a papal bull issued by Pope Clement V on 22 November 1307 to all Christian monarchs. It ordered the arrest of all Knights Templar and to seize their properties on behalf of the church. Clement was forced to support the campaign against the Templars by Philip IV of France, who owed them a great deal of money and had initiated the first arrests against the Templars on 13 October 1307.[1]

Despite the papal request, not all the monarchs complied immediately, most notably, Edward II of England who at first refused to believe the allegations, but later carried out the order.

Following the arrests, a period of trials was sanctioned against the Templars, enforced by torture and pain-induced confessions.

Born On This Day

1894 – Cecil M. Harden, American politician (d. 1984)
Cecil Murray Harden (November 21, 1894 – December 5, 1984) was an American educator who became a Republican politician and an advocate of women’s rights.[1] She served five terms in the U.S. Representative (January 3, 1949 to January 3, 1959) representing Indiana’s 6th congressional district. Harding was the only Republican woman elected to represent Indiana in the U.S. Congress until 2012, when Susan Brooks and Jackie Walorski were elected to serve in the 113th United States Congress beginning in January 2013.[2]

Initially assigned to the Veterans’ Affairs Committee in the 81st Congress, the next term she transferred to the House Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments (later called Government Operations), where she served as the chair of the Inter-Governmental Relations subcommittee of Government Operations during the 83rd Congress. Harden also served six years (1953–59) on the Committee on the Post Office and Civil Service during the Eisenhower administration. In 1957 Harden and U.S. Representative Florence Dwyer proposed legislation in the U.S. House in support of equal pay for women. Harden also joined with U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith and U.S. Representative Frances Bolton to encourage inclusion of issues of interest to women in the Republican Party’s platform. In addition, Harden helped her constituents in Indiana by securing federal funding for flood control projects, especially in the Wabash River valley, and was critical of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s plan in 1956 to close its heavy water plant in Dana, Indiana.

Harden, who became in politics in 1932, served as the Republican precinct vice chairman from 1932 to 1940; vice chairman of the Fountain County, Indiana, Republican Party from 1938 until 1950; Indiana’s Republican National committeewoman from 1944 to 1959 and from 1964 to 1972; and delegate-at-large to the Republican National Conventions in 1948, 1952, 1956, 1968, and in 1972. Harden was appointed to serve as special assistant for women’s affairs to U.S. Postmaster General Arthur Summerfield (March 1959 to March 1961) and served on the National Advisory Committee for the White House Conference on Aging in 1972–73.

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1900 – Helenka Pantaleoni, American actress and humanitarian, co-founded U.S. Fund for UNICEF (d. 1987)
Helen Tradusa “Helenka” Adamowska Pantaleoni (November 22, 1900 – January 5, 1987) was a Polish American silent film actress and humanitarian. She was the founding director of the U.S. Committee for UNICEF, a role that she held for 25 years. Her granddaughter is American actress Téa Leoni.

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FYI

Any Mountain: Alaska surgeon leads fight against ovarian cancer
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Dave Grohl, Class Act!

 
 
 
 

Recipes

By Betty Crocker Kitchens: Zero-Effort Slow-Cooker Recipes
 
 
Food Network: Pumpkin Gooey Butter Cake


 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

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