1789 – Alexander Mackenzie finally completes his journey to the mouth of the great river he hoped would take him to the Pacific, but which turns out to flow into the Arctic Ocean. Later named after him, the Mackenzie is the second-longest river system in North America.Sir Alexander Mackenzie (or MacKenzie, Scottish Gaelic: Alasdair MacCoinnich, 1764 – 12 March 1820) was a Scottish explorer. He is known for his overland crossing of what is now Canada to reach the Pacific Ocean in 1793. This was the first east to west crossing of North America north of Mexico and preceded the Lewis and Clark Expedition by 12 years.
Early life
In 1764, Mackenzie was born at Luskentyre House in Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis.[1][2] He was the third of the four children born to Kenneth ‘Corc’ Mackenzie (1731–1780) and his wife Isabella MacIver, from another prominent mercantile family in Stornoway.[3] When only fourteen years old, Mackenzie’s father served as an ensign to protect Stornoway during the Jacobite rising of 1745. He later became a merchant and held the tack of Melbost; his grandfather being a younger brother of Murdoch Mackenzie, 6th Laird of Fairburn.[4][5]
Educated at the same school as Colin Mackenzie, he sailed to New York City with his father to join an uncle, John Mackenzie, in 1774, after his mother died in Scotland.[6] In 1776, during the American War of Independence, his father and uncle resumed their military duties and joined the King’s Royal Regiment of New York as lieutenants. By 1778, for his safety as a son of loyalists, young Mackenzie was either sent, or accompanied by two aunts, to Montreal.[4] By 1779 (a year before his father’s death at Carleton Island[3]), Mackenzie had a secured apprenticeship with Finlay, Gregory & Co., one of the most influential fur trading companies at Montreal, which was later administered by Archibald Norman McLeod. In 1787, the company merged with the North West Company.
Explorations
1789 Mackenzie River expedition to the Arctic Ocean
On behalf of the North West Company Mackenzie travelled to Lake Athabasca where, in 1788, he was one of the founders of Fort Chipewyan. He had been sent to replace Peter Pond, a partner in the North West Company. From Pond, he learned that the First Nations people understood that the local rivers flowed to the northwest. Acting on this information, he set out by canoe on the river known to the local Dene First Nations people as the Dehcho, (Mackenzie River) on 10 July 1789 following it to its mouth in the hope of finding the Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean. As he ended up reaching the Arctic Ocean on 14 July,[7][8] it is conjectured that he named the river “Disappointment River” as it did not lead to Cook Inlet in Alaska as he had expected.[3] The river was later renamed the Mackenzie River in his honour.
1792–93 Peace River expedition to the Pacific Ocean
In 1791, Mackenzie returned to Great Britain to study the new advance in the measurement of longitude. Upon his return in 1792, he set out once again to find a route to the Pacific. Accompanied by two native guides (one named Cancre), his cousin Alexander MacKay, six Canadian voyageurs (Joseph Landry, Charles Ducette, Francois Beaulieux, Baptiste Bisson, Francois Courtois, Jacques Beauchamp) and a dog simply called “Our Dog”, Mackenzie left Fort Chipewyan on 10 October 1792 and travelled via the Pine River to the Peace River.[10] From there he travelled to a fork on the Peace River arriving 1 November where he and his cohorts built a fortification that they resided in over the winter. This later became known as Fort Fork.[11]
Mackenzie left Fort Fork on 9 May 1793 following the route of the Peace River.[11] He crossed the Great Divide and found the upper reaches of the Fraser River but was warned by the local natives that the Fraser Canyon to the south was unnavigable and populated by belligerent tribes.[12] He was instead directed to follow a grease trail by ascending the West Road River, crossing over the Coast Mountains and descending the Bella Coola River to the sea. He followed this advice and reached the Pacific coast on 20 July 1793 at Bella Coola, British Columbia, on North Bentinck Arm, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean.[13] Thus, he completed the first recorded transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico, beating Lewis and Clark by 12 years. He had unknowingly missed meeting George Vancouver at Bella Coola by 48 days.
He had wanted to continue westward out of a desire to reach the open ocean, but was stopped by the hostility of the Heiltsuk people.[14] Hemmed in by Heiltsuk war canoes, he wrote a message on a rock near the water’s edge of Dean Channel, using a reddish paint made of vermilion and bear grease, and turned back east. The inscription read: “Alex MacKenzie / from Canada / by land / 22d July 1793” (at the time the name Canada was an informal term for the former French territory in what is now southern Quebec).[15]:418 The words were later inscribed permanently by surveyors. The site is now Sir Alexander Mackenzie Provincial Park and is designated a First Crossing of North America National Historic Site.[16] In 2016, Mackenzie was named a National Historic Person.[17]
In his journal Mackenzie recorded the Carrier language for the first time.[18]
Later life and family
In 1801 the journals of his exploratory journeys were published.[10][19] He was knighted for his efforts in the following year and served in the Legislature of Lower Canada from 1804 to 1808.
In 1812, Mackenzie returned to Scotland where he married the fourteen-year-old Geddes Mackenzie, heiress of Avoch. They had two sons and a daughter. Her grandfather, Captain John Mackenzie of Castle Leod (great-grandson of George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth) purchased the estate of Avoch with money left to him by his first cousin and brother-in-law, Admiral George Geddes Mackenzie. Lady Mackenzie’s father was a first cousin of the father of Sir George Simpson, Governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Alexander and Geddes lived between Avoch and London. He died in 1820 of Bright’s disease, at an age of 56 (his exact date of birth unknown). He is buried near Avoch on the Black Isle.
Legacy
The Alexander Mackenzie rose (explorer series), developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, was named in his honour.[20]
The Mackenzie River is named for him, as is the municipality of Mackenzie, British Columbia, and the Mackenzie Mountains, a mountain range in northern Canada.
There are schools in Saint Albert, Alberta, and Toronto, Ontario, named after him.[21]
He is referenced in the 1981 folk song “Northwest Passage” by Stan Rogers.
1861 – Kate M. Gordon, American activist (d. 1931)
Kate M. Gordon (July 14, 1861 – August 24, 1932) was an American suffragist, civic leader, and organizer of the Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference.[1]
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, she was a daughter of George Hume Gordon, schoolmaster, and Margaret (Galiece) Gordon. There were two sisters, Jean and Fanny, as well as two brothers, George M. and W. A. Gordon.[2]
Gordon was a co-founder of the Era (Equal Rights Association) Club in New Orleans, and served as President of the Women’s League for Sewerage and Drainage.[3] She was also a racist.[4] In 1900, she addressed the annual convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. She served as the organization’s corresponding secretary from 1901 until 1909. During the period of 1904-13, Gordon led the Louisiana State Suffrage Association. She helped organize and subsequently became president of the Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference; she also edited its periodical, the New Southern Citizen. Gordon assisted in establishing the New Orleans Anti-Tuberculosis League and the New Orleans Anti-Tuberculosis Hospital, serving as the latter’s vice president. Gordon died in New Orleans in 1932 of a cerebral hemorrhage and is buried in the Metairie Cemetery.[3]
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